Once upon a time, professors cared about election fraud.  Unlike today, when the only thing you will find the academy write about voter fraud is that it is a conspiratorial and overblown invention by a squad of writers, there was a time when the rule of law mattered more than obfuscation. 

A tip of the hat to Joseph P. Harris, PhD, a professor at the University of Washington, in 1934, who wrote this report:

“Several years ago the ballots of a number of the precincts in Chicago were recounted with the result that the recount tabulations showed a total difference from the original returns in many precincts running into thousands of votes.”